Goal Based Learning and Expectation Failure

Some thoughts and background on Roger Schank's ideas about learning from case based reasoning.

(Schank, R. C., Berman, T. R., & Macpherson, K. A. (1999) Learning by Doing. Instructional-design Theories and Models: A new paradigm of instructional theory C. M. Reigeluth, ed. Volume 2. (161-181))

Schank says students should be taught how to do something. "When students learn how, they inevitably learn content knowledge in the service of accomplishing their task. Then, they know why they need to know something, and they know how to use the knowledge" (p. 165, Schank, 1999).

"Students should learn content and skills in order to achieve goals that they find interesting and important and that relate to the subject matter" (p. 166).

Expectation failure
When something does not meet a person's expectations, it primes them for learning. If they don't care about the expectation failure, they won't remember or learn why the expectation failed. If they do care, they begin to seek an explanation for why the expectation fail. They are ready to learn.

Case based reasoning -- learners seek prior information stored in their minds based on previous experience -- or cases.

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